decades, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson enjoyed a fabled friendship. They collaborated during the Second Continental Congress that produced the Declaration of Independence and they and their families enjoyed time together during their diplomatic service in Europe.

But ideological rivalry fractured their relationship, and it was only in their twilight years that they reconciled through a series of letters they exchanged with each other.

Adams was irked that Jefferson received so much acclaim for writing the Declaration. While Jefferson privately insulted President Adams, Adams was doing the same about his vice president.

In a letter written nearly four months after both were inaugurated, Adams said that Jefferson had “a mind, soured, yet seeking for popularity, and eaten to a honeycomb with ambition, yet weak, confused, uninformed, and ignorant.”

Certainly, Adams would be dismayed had he lived to see Jefferson’s image carved on Mount Rushmore, while his own great contributions were sculpturally forgotten.

Abraham Lincoln: “Narrow intelligence”

The man now regarded as our greatest president was not only not respected, but was despised by many Americans during his lifetime. In the aftermath of Lincoln's bold issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863, former president Franklin Pierce, generally ranked as one of our least effective chief executives, wrote of Lincoln that he “is to the extent of his limited ability and narrow intelligence their (the abolitionists’) willing instrument for all the woe which has thus far been brought upon the country.”

James Garfield:  “ the backbone of an angleworm”

Even James Garfield, whose promising presidency was cut very short by an assassin’s bullet, was hardly immune to withering criticism from another president.

Though he had distinguished himself as a general in the Civil War and was brilliant – as in being able to write the same sentence in Latin with one hand and Greek with the other – former president Ulysses Grant was not impressed.

Writing to another general just two months after Garfield’s inauguration and two months before Garfield was shot in the back in the Washington train station, Grant proclaimed that “Garfield has shown he is not possessed of the backbone of an angleworm.”

Also on this “no-backbone” theme, Theodore Roosevelt, as assistant secretary of the Navy, said of President William McKinley that he “has no more backbone than a chocolate éclair.”

Benjamin Harrison: “The little runt”

Theodore Roosevelt could be brutal in his assessment of others.

In 1891, he wrote to his sister, Anna (while he was serving as a U.S. Civil Service commissioner), this assessment of Benjamin Harrison: He's a “little runt of a president.”

William Howard Taft: “Puzzlewit”

Before the 21st century, the presidential campaign of 1912 was the most vicious. Former President Theodore Roosevelt led the pack, but his opponents, President William Howard Taft and Democratic challenger Woodrow Wilson, also stepped into the fray.

On

a campaign swing through Ohio on May 14, 1912, while seeking the Republican nomination, Roosevelt called Taft a “puzzlewit.”

Just a day earlier, in an Ohio speech, Taft called the former president “a demagogue and a flatterer. … I hate to see a man try to honeyfuggle the people.”

Less than a month before election day, Wilson declared that Roosevelt was “a very erratic comet now sweeping across the horizon.”

Woodrow Wilson: “Skunk”

Theodore Roosevelt never really got over his failure to reclaim the presidency in 1912, and he continued to bash his successor, Woodrow Wilson.

Writing to his son, Kermit, in 1917, TR called Wilson “the lily-livered skunk in the White House.”

Franklin Roosevelt: “A gibbering idiot”

During World War I, Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt were good friends, neighbors, and top officials in Woodrow Wilson’s administration. In 1920, FDR wrote to a friend of his desire to "make him (Hoover) President of the United States. There could not be a better one.”

Yet, a dozen years later, the two men were locked in a bitter battle for the presidency, with Roosevelt seeking to oust Hoover.
When FDR won the election of 1932, Hoover, following tradition, hosted the president-elect for a transitional meeting on Nov. 22, 1932 in the White House. Afterward, an angry Hoover privately declared that Roosevelt was a “gibbering idiot.”

JFK: The “young whippersnapper”

We may assume that presidents and their vice presidents tend to get along with one another, but that has often hardly been the case.
Many in John F. Kennedy’s camp were appalled that he tapped his competitor in 1960, Lyndon B. Johnson, as his running mate. There was no love lost between these highly competitive men.

Speaking to the historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, who helped Johnson with his post-presidential memoirs, LBJ let loose on JFK:
“Here was a young whippersnapper, malaria-ridden and yallah sickly, sickly. He never said a word of importance in the Senate, and he never did a thing. But somehow … he managed to create the image of himself as a shining intellectual, a youthful leader who would change the face of the country.”

LBJ obviously never got over the fact he thought he should have been the Democratic nominee in 1960.

Barack Obama: “Disaster”

No catalog of presidential insults would be complete without a recognition of how Donald Trump’s words have intensified the level of acrimony.

During the 2016 campaign, he went after the sitting president in ways rarely seen before. He claimed at a Florida press conference that Obama “has been the most ignorant president in our history. … He has been a disaster as president. He will go down as one of the worst presidents in the history of our country. It is a mess.”

In C-SPAN’s 2021 rating of presidential performance, Obama was ranked by the historians polled as our 10th-best president, while Trump was number 41,

at the rear of the pack, above only Andrew Johnson and James Buchanan, the bookends of Lincoln’s presidency.

Trump: “Unfit”

While it’s not surprising that Trump verbally assaulted President Obama, it was more surprising that “No-drama” Obama couldn’t hold his tongue during the 2016 campaign. During a White House news conference, he said that Trump was “unfit to serve as president. … He’s woefully unprepared to do this job.”

Other Presidential Jibes

In my research, I found many allegedly nasty comments by presidents regarding others, and which have become famous, but for which there is no historical documentation. For example, Theodore Roosevelt supposedly said that William Howard Taft didn’t have the “brains of a guinea pig.”

Other lines commonly quoted in books are simply not accurate. For instance, James Madison wrote that President John Adams was “hot-heated,” not “hot-headed.” (I reviewed the microfilm of Madison’s original letter, and the key letter is a “t,” not a “d.”)

But there is no lack of well-documented jibes by presidents against other presidents throughout history. After we’ve winced and laughed at such quotes, it’s important to reflect on the need for increased civility in our public and private discourse. Our survival as a nation depends on it.

We must be willing to listen before we speak, search for broad areas of agreement with those of different political persuasions, and reject the acidic politics of personal demonization.

It’s a difficult path to follow in our divided nation, where verifiable facts do not find universal agreement or acceptance. But, for our own sanity and survival, we must try to value relationships over dogma, to encourage deep reconciliation of fractured friendships, and reset our political discourse from rancor to respect.