On the morning of December 12, George Washington mounted his horse as usual and rode out to inspect his Mount Vernon plantation. The weather was cold and wet, and the sixty-seven-year-old former President received a thorough chill during his five-hour tour. The next day, Friday the thirteenth, snow and a sore throat kept him indoors for most of the day. When his secretary, Tobias Lear, suggested taking some medicine for his cold, the hero of Valley Forge scoffed. As the night wore on, however, Washington’s throat condition became serious. He tried to dose himself with a mixture of vinegar, molasses, and butter but could not get it down. Shortly before dawn he called for George Rawlins, an overseer who sometimes treated Washington’s livestock and slaves. Rawlins drew about three-quarters of a pint of blood.

Further help was summoned in the morning. The first doctor to arrive was James Craik, a close friend of Washington since their service together on the Pennsylvania frontier in the 1750s. According to his own account, Craik tried “two copious bleedings,” a cantharides blister, two doses of calomel, and an unspecified “injection,” which “operated on the lower intestines.” The patient, who was probably suffering from tonsillitis or diphtheria, continued to breathe with great difficulty. He tried to gargle with vinegar and sage tea but abandoned the effort after nearly choking.

Two more physicians arrived that afternoon, and in true eighteenth-century fashion, the trio of doctors proved three times as lethal as a single one. They bled Washington yet again, this time removing a full quart. Vinegar, the all-purpose remedy, was inhaled in a vapor mixed with steam. Additional calomel and “repeated doses of emetic tartar” produced nothing more promising than “a copious discharge from the bowels.” With the patient’s life slipping away, the desperate physicians applied another set of blisters as well as a “cataplasm” made of bran and the inevitable vinegar to his throat.

At this point the wheezing former President, who (as Craik wrote) had been “submitting to the several exertions made for his recovery rather as a duty, than from any expectation of their efficacy. . . . succeeded in expressing a desire that he might be permitted to die without interruption.” The old general spent his final hours putting his affairs in order and doing his best to reassure those around him. Around ten o’clock on the evening of December 14, he gave Lear instructions for his burial. When Lear, unable to speak, nodded in reply, Washington asked, “Do you understand me?” Lear said yes, and Washington spoke his final words: “Tis well.” He died about an hour before midnight.

Even in death Washington was not safe from the strenuous but ineffective medical science of his day. The architect and inventor William Thornton rushed to Mount Vernon and proposed to revive Washington by rubbing his skin, blowing air into his lungs, and transfusing him with lamb’s blood. Friends of the deceased President barred Thornton from