In 1898 Taylor was hired as a consultant by Bethlehem Steel. At the time several gangs of laborers were employed by the company to pick up ninety-two-pound iron pigs, carry them up a ramp, and deposit them in railroad cars. In the course of a ten-hour day each man was expected to load 304 pigs, weighing twelve and a half tons. After a series of experiments, Taylor concluded that a reasonably strong man—”a man of the type of the ox, ” as he put it—should be able to load not twelve and a half tons a day, but forty-seven tons. Taylor proposed to raise by 62 per cent the wages of any man reaching this goal.

There remained the task of persuading the loaders to go along with Taylor’s plans, which included paying them by the piece—that is, by the ton—instead of by the day. In time Taylor succeeded in getting some loaders to meet the new standard, and his often-repeated and colorful account of how he brought this to pass, using as his bellwether a laborer whom he called Schmidt, is part of the folklore of scientific management.

Here, slightly abridged, is the account Taylor gave in one of his books of how, in the case of Schmidt the loader, science triumphed over suspicion and stupidity. As it happens, recent research by historians Charles D. Wrage ofRutgers and the late Amadeo G. Perroni of the University of Alberta has established that this story is mainly fiction. But it remains a document of extraordinary interest, not for what it tells us about management science, but for what it reveals about Taylor’s attitudes toward work and workingmen.

— S.K.

He [Schmidt] was a little Pennsylvania Dutchman who had been observed to trot back home for a mile or so after his work in the evening, about as fresh as when he came trotting down to work in the morning. We found that upon wages of $1.15 a day he had succeeded in buying a small plot of ground, and was engaged in putting up the walls of a little house for himself in the morning before starting to work and at night after leaving.… This man we will call Schmidt.

The task before us … narrowed itself down to getting Schmidt to handle forty-seven tons of pig iron per day and making him glad to do it. This was done as follows. Schmidt was … talked to somewhat in this way:

“Schmidt, are you a high-priced man?”

“Veil, I don’t know vat you mean.”

“Oh, come now, you answer my questions. … What I want to find out is whether you want to earn $1.85 a day or whether you are satisfied with $1.15, just the same as all these cheap fellows are getting.”

“Did I vant $1.85 a day?